Non-manual Markers in ASL

When learning American Sign Language (ASL), you will encounter instances where the meaning of a specific hand movement changes depending on your facial expression.

This is because the face is not merely a tool for expressing emotion but a crucial component of ASL grammar. These signals are known as non-manual markers (NMMs) and encompass facial expressions, movements of the head and shoulders, and mouth shapes.

One key function of non-manual markers is to indicate questions. For instance, for yes/no questions, signers often raise their eyebrows and tilt their heads slightly forward. On the other hand, questions involving interrogatives such as "who, what, or where" typically involve furrowing the eyebrows. To say, if you want to ask a question and execute the sign for "WHERE" perfectly, you must pair it with the appropriate facial expression.

Non-manual signals serve various grammatical functions. Shaking one’s head can indicate negation, while raising the eyebrows can mark the beginning of a conditional clause similar to if in English. Moreover, mouth shapes can also convey information about the size, degree, or intensity of an object or action.

A common mistake among ASL learners is focusing solely on hand movements while omitting facial expressions because they feel awkward. However, non-manual signals are crucial grammatical elements. Practicing in front of a mirror or recording videos of yourself signing can help you use facial expressions naturally.

Ultimately, to understand ASL accurately, one must pay attention to the face as well as the hands. Indeed, in the Deaf community, facial expressions are not just a means of conveying emotion but an essential linguistic component for accurately communicating meaning.